http://www.kadhoai.com.cn 2026-04-23 13:53:18 來源:中國自動化學會專家谘詢工作委員會
xiandaihuachanyetixishixiandaihuaguojiadewuzhijishujichu。dangdeshibadayilai,xijinpingzongshujizheyanzhonghuaminzuweidafuxingdezhanlvequanjuheshijiebainianweiyouzhidabianju,zaishenkebawoguoneiwaixingshibianhua、總結發展經驗教訓的基礎上,在不同場合深入闡述關於現代化產業體係建設的新思想、新觀點、新xin要yao求qiu。這zhe些xie重zhong要yao論lun述shu,是shi習xi近jin平ping經jing濟ji思si想xiang的de重zhong要yao組zu成cheng部bu分fen,為wei推tui動dong經jing濟ji高gao質zhi量liang發fa展zhan提ti供gong了le行xing動dong指zhi南nan。現xian代dai化hua產chan業ye體ti係xi是shi適shi應ying中zhong國guo式shi現xian代dai化hua需xu要yao的de產chan業ye體ti係xi,既ji遵zun循xun一yi般ban意yi義yi上shang的de現xian代dai產chan業ye發fa展zhan的de規gui律lv,又you符fu合he中zhong國guo式shi現xian代dai化hua的de本ben質zhi要yao求qiu。我wo們men要yao準zhun確que理li解jie現xian代dai化hua產chan業ye體ti係xi應ying具ju備bei的de基ji本ben特te性xing,把ba握wo其qi發fa展zhan方fang向xiang和he建jian設she重zhong點dian,在zai科ke學xue認ren識shi的de基ji礎chu上shang推tui動dong有you效xiao的de實shi踐jian,在zai新xin征zheng程cheng上shang加jia快kuai建jian設she現xian代dai化hua產chan業ye體ti係xi。
實體經濟——
現代化產業體係建設的支撐點
實體經濟是支撐經濟增長、保(bao)障(zhang)國(guo)家(jia)安(an)全(quan)的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)基(ji)礎(chu),是(shi)一(yi)國(guo)經(jing)濟(ji)的(de)立(li)身(shen)之(zhi)本(ben),是(shi)財(cai)富(fu)創(chuang)造(zao)的(de)根(gen)本(ben)源(yuan)泉(quan),是(shi)國(guo)家(jia)強(qiang)盛(sheng)的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)支(zhi)柱(zhu)。以(yi)實(shi)體(ti)經(jing)濟(ji)為(wei)支(zhi)撐(cheng)建(jian)設(she)現(xian)代(dai)化(hua)產(chan)業(ye)體(ti)係(xi),是(shi)推(tui)動(dong)經(jing)濟(ji)高(gao)質(zhi)量(liang)發(fa)展(zhan)始(shi)終(zhong)堅(jian)持(chi)的(de)一(yi)個(ge)重(zhong)大(da)原(yuan)則(ze)。黨(dang)的(de)十(shi)九(jiu)屆(jie)五(wu)中(zhong)全(quan)會(hui)提(ti)出(chu),“加快發展現代產業體係,推動經濟體係優化升級”,並要求“堅持把發展經濟著力點放在實體經濟上”。黨的二十大報告明確提出“中國式現代化,是中國共產黨領導的社會主義現代化”,強調要“建設現代化產業體係”,其中“堅持把發展經濟的著力點放在實體經濟上”的de核he心xin要yao求qiu沒mei有you變bian。習xi近jin平ping總zong書shu記ji在zai二er十shi屆jie中zhong央yang財cai經jing委wei員yuan會hui第di一yi次ci會hui議yi上shang進jin一yi步bu強qiang調tiao,必bi須xu把ba發fa展zhan經jing濟ji的de著zhe力li點dian放fang在zai實shi體ti經jing濟ji上shang,為wei實shi現xian第di二er個ge百bai年nian奮fen鬥dou目mu標biao提ti供gong堅jian強qiang物wu質zhi支zhi撐cheng。黨dang的de二er十shi屆jie三san中zhong全quan會hui亦yi圍wei繞rao推tui動dong實shi體ti經jing濟ji發fa展zhan作zuo出chu部bu署shu,明ming確que提ti出chu“健全促進實體經濟和數字經濟深度融合製度”。
加快建設以實體經濟為支撐的現代化產業體係,就是要堅持以實體經濟為重,著力加快建設實體經濟、科技創新、現代金融、人力資源協同發展的產業體係。一是同步加快推進新型工業化、信息化、城鎮化和農業現代化,鞏固壯大實體經濟;二是讓科技、金融、人才等回歸服務實體經濟屬性,助推實體經濟做強做優做大。這就要求科技創新必須麵向世界科技前沿、麵向經濟主戰場、麵向國家重大需求、麵向人民生命健康,現代金融必須把服務實體經濟作為根本宗旨,人才資源要為全麵建設社會主義現代化國家提供基礎性、戰略性支撐。
智能化、綠色化、融合化——
現代化產業體係建設的切入點
經jing濟ji發fa展zhan階jie段duan不bu同tong,現xian代dai化hua產chan業ye體ti係xi建jian設she的de任ren務wu和he要yao求qiu就jiu會hui不bu同tong,這zhe就jiu需xu要yao依yi據ju新xin時shi代dai的de新xin特te征zheng新xin任ren務wu新xin要yao求qiu,找zhao準zhun建jian設she現xian代dai化hua產chan業ye體ti係xi的de切qie入ru點dian和he發fa力li點dian。
智能化是贏得國際競爭優勢的新賽道。數字經濟是繼農業經濟、工業經濟之後的新經濟形態,其發展形成的新技術、新產業、新業態、新模式,可以實現技術的革命性突破、生sheng產chan要yao素su的de創chuang新xin性xing配pei置zhi和he產chan業ye的de深shen度du轉zhuan型xing升sheng級ji,具ju有you更geng高gao的de全quan要yao素su生sheng產chan率lv。數shu字zi經jing濟ji是shi當dang今jin世shi界jie各ge國guo努nu力li搶qiang占zhan的de發fa展zhan製zhi高gao點dian,各ge國guo紛fen紛fen製zhi定ding鼓gu勵li政zheng策ce,推tui進jin數shu字zi產chan業ye化hua和he產chan業ye數shu字zi化hua,甚shen至zhi一yi些xie西xi方fang國guo家jia為wei了le構gou建jian自zi己ji的de競jing爭zheng優you勢shi,搞gao“小院高牆”,對dui我wo國guo數shu字zi技ji術shu和he產chan業ye升sheng級ji進jin行xing全quan麵mian遏e製zhi。激ji烈lie的de國guo際ji競jing爭zheng倒dao逼bi我wo國guo必bi須xu加jia快kuai發fa展zhan數shu字zi經jing濟ji。數shu字zi經jing濟ji是shi我wo國guo發fa展zhan新xin質zhi生sheng產chan力li的de關guan鍵jian所suo在zai,但dan目mu前qian我wo國guo數shu字zi經jing濟ji發fa展zhan還hai快kuai而er不bu優you、daerbuqiang,tebieshiyixieshuziguanjianhexinjishuhaishouzhiyuren,zhejiuyaoqiubixudayingshuzijishugongjianzhan,goujianjuyouguojijingzhenglideshuzichanye,bafazhanshuzijingjidezhudongquanlaolaozhangwozaizijishouli。
綠(lv)色(se)化(hua)是(shi)高(gao)質(zhi)量(liang)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)底(di)色(se)。高(gao)質(zhi)量(liang)發(fa)展(zhan)是(shi)全(quan)麵(mian)建(jian)設(she)社(she)會(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)現(xian)代(dai)化(hua)國(guo)家(jia)的(de)首(shou)要(yao)任(ren)務(wu)。推(tui)進(jin)經(jing)濟(ji)高(gao)質(zhi)量(liang)發(fa)展(zhan),就(jiu)必(bi)須(xu)貫(guan)徹(che)落(luo)實(shi)新(xin)發(fa)展(zhan)理(li)念(nian),堅(jian)持(chi)綠(lv)水(shui)青(qing)山(shan)就(jiu)是(shi)金(jin)山(shan)銀(yin)山(shan),堅(jian)定(ding)不(bu)移(yi)走(zou)生(sheng)態(tai)優(you)先(xian)、綠(lv)色(se)發(fa)展(zhan)之(zhi)路(lu)。高(gao)質(zhi)量(liang)發(fa)展(zhan)是(shi)能(neng)夠(gou)很(hen)好(hao)滿(man)足(zu)人(ren)民(min)日(ri)益(yi)增(zeng)長(chang)的(de)美(mei)好(hao)生(sheng)活(huo)需(xu)要(yao)的(de)發(fa)展(zhan),隨(sui)著(zhe)人(ren)民(min)收(shou)入(ru)水(shui)平(ping)的(de)提(ti)高(gao),消(xiao)費(fei)結(jie)構(gou)不(bu)斷(duan)升(sheng)級(ji),人(ren)民(min)對(dui)生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)境(jing)的(de)改(gai)善(shan)提(ti)出(chu)了(le)更(geng)高(gao)期(qi)待(dai),這(zhe)就(jiu)要(yao)求(qiu)推(tui)進(jin)中(zhong)國(guo)式(shi)現(xian)代(dai)化(hua)必(bi)須(xu)實(shi)現(xian)人(ren)與(yu)自(zi)然(ran)和(he)諧(xie)共(gong)生(sheng),把(ba)保(bao)護(hu)生(sheng)態(tai)和(he)改(gai)善(shan)生(sheng)態(tai)提(ti)升(sheng)到(dao)保(bao)護(hu)生(sheng)產(chan)力(li)和(he)發(fa)展(zhan)生(sheng)產(chan)力(li)的(de)高(gao)度(du),走(zou)出(chu)一(yi)條(tiao)生(sheng)產(chan)發(fa)展(zhan)、生活富裕、生sheng態tai良liang好hao的de文wen明ming發fa展zhan道dao路lu。高gao質zhi量liang發fa展zhan是shi新xin質zhi生sheng產chan力li推tui動dong的de發fa展zhan,新xin質zhi生sheng產chan力li本ben身shen就jiu是shi綠lv色se生sheng產chan力li,這zhe就jiu需xu要yao加jia快kuai綠lv色se科ke技ji創chuang新xin和he先xian進jin綠lv色se技ji術shu推tui廣guang應ying用yong,做zuo強qiang綠lv色se製zhi造zao業ye,發fa展zhan綠lv色se服fu務wu業ye,壯zhuang大da綠lv色se能neng源yuan產chan業ye,發fa展zhan綠lv色se低di碳tan產chan業ye和he供gong應ying鏈lian,構gou建jian綠lv色se低di碳tan循xun環huan經jing濟ji體ti係xi。
融合化是數字經濟時代產業現代化的必由之路。數字經濟具有高創新性、強滲透性、廣覆蓋性,不僅是新的經濟增長點,而且是改造提升傳統產業的支點,這就需要推動數字技術賦能產業發展,加快農業、工業、fuwuyedeshuzihuazhuanxing。shuzijingjifazhandezhongdianshichanyeshuzihua,zhejiuyaoqiufahuiwoguohailiangshujuyoushiheguangkuoyingyongchangjingyoushi,tuidongshuzijishuyuqitachanyeshenduronghe,zuoqiangzuoyouzuodashuzijingji。shuzijingjiduifuwuyedeshentoulvyuanyuangaoyunongyehegongye,zhejiuxuyaozaitongbutuijinxinxinggongyehua、信息化、城鎮化和農業現代化進程中,堅持三次產業融合發展。
推進產業智能化、綠色化、融合化,是我國在新發展階段建設現代化產業體係的重大舉措,需要充分發揮社會主義市場經濟製度優勢,通過產權保護、健全市場體係和完善市場機製,促進要素自由合理流動,特別是創新資源要素的有效集聚,以科技創新引領產業創新;通過進一步完善產業政策,強化戰略性領域頂層設計,增強產業政策協同性,為現代化產業體係建設提供有效政策支持和製度保障。
完整性、先進性、安全性——
現代化產業體係建設的落腳點
推進產業智能化、綠色化、融合化,目的就是要建設具有完整性、先進性、安全性的現代化產業體係。
wanzhengxingjiushiyaobawoguodexiandaihuachanyetixijianshechengweixitonghuadechanyeshengtai。jianchichanyeyouhuashengjixitongtuijin,jiyaotuidongchuantongchanyezhuanxingshengji,bunengjiangqidangcheng“低端產業”jiandantuichu,youyaojianchikejichuangxin,shixiankejiziliziqiang,fazhanjuyouguojijingzhenglidezhanlvexingxinxingchanye,haiyaojiadajichuyanjiuheyingyongyanjiu,chanchuyuanchuangxing、顛覆性科技成果,前瞻布局未來產業,培育新的經濟增長點。堅持實體經濟與虛擬經濟協調發展,既要加快建設農業強國、製造強國、質量強國、航天強國、交通強國、網絡強國、數(shu)字(zi)中(zhong)國(guo),也(ye)要(yao)堅(jian)持(chi)金(jin)融(rong)服(fu)務(wu)實(shi)體(ti)經(jing)濟(ji)的(de)根(gen)本(ben)宗(zong)旨(zhi),建(jian)設(she)金(jin)融(rong)強(qiang)國(guo),促(cu)進(jin)實(shi)體(ti)經(jing)濟(ji)與(yu)虛(xu)擬(ni)經(jing)濟(ji)良(liang)性(xing)互(hu)動(dong)。堅(jian)持(chi)促(cu)進(jin)一(yi)二(er)三(san)產(chan)業(ye)協(xie)調(tiao)發(fa)展(zhan),既(ji)要(yao)依(yi)據(ju)新(xin)型(xing)工(gong)業(ye)化(hua)、信息化、城cheng鎮zhen化hua和he農nong業ye現xian代dai化hua同tong步bu推tui進jin的de要yao求qiu,促cu進jin產chan業ye融rong合he發fa展zhan,又you要yao依yi據ju工gong業ye是shi立li國guo之zhi本ben和he製zhi造zao業ye是shi強qiang國guo之zhi基ji的de要yao求qiu,夯hang實shi完wan備bei的de工gong業ye體ti係xi和he強qiang大da的de製zhi造zao能neng力li,保bao持chi製zhi造zao業ye占zhan比bi基ji本ben穩wen定ding。堅jian持chi推tui進jin產chan業ye鏈lian供gong應ying鏈lian分fen工gong協xie作zuo,既ji要yao通tong過guo大da力li建jian設she世shi界jie一yi流liu企qi業ye,形xing成cheng以yi我wo為wei主zhu的de產chan業ye鏈lian供gong應ying鏈lian,促cu進jin產chan業ye集ji群qun式shi發fa展zhan,又you要yao通tong過guo產chan業ye鏈lian供gong應ying鏈lian開kai放fang合he作zuo,充chong分fen利li用yong國guo內nei國guo際ji兩liang個ge市shi場chang兩liang種zhong資zi源yuan,推tui進jin區qu域yu經jing濟ji一yi體ti化hua。現xian代dai化hua產chan業ye體ti係xi完wan整zheng性xing目mu標biao的de提ti出chu,突tu破po了le從cong一yi二er三san次ci產chan業ye視shi角jiao建jian設she產chan業ye體ti係xi的de曆li史shi局ju限xian,形xing成cheng了le更geng具ju包bao容rong性xing、更有解釋力、更加多元化的現代化產業體係建設思路。
xianjinxingjiushiyaojianshenenggoucujinxinzhishengchanlifazhandexiandaihuachanyetixi。xinzhishengchanlidetedianshichuangxin,zhejiuyaoqiuxiandaihuachanyetixibixushiyigebuduanchuangxinshengjiyouhuadechanyeshengtaixitong,jiyirenminduimeihaoshenghuodexuyaoweixuqiudaoxiang,qianyingonggeicejiegouxinggaigebuduanshenhua,jiejuegonggeidebupinghengbuchongfenwenti,yishijieqianyanjishuweiyinling,cuishengjishu、產品、產業、業態、moshidengxiliechuangxin,yongxingonggeichuangzaoxinxuqiu,shigongqiuzaigenggaoshuipingshangshixiandongtaipingheng。xinzhishengchanlideguanjianzaizhiyou,zhejiuyaoqiuxiandaihuachanyetixibixujianlizaixindejishujichushang。makesimingquezhichu,gezhongjingjishidaidequbie,buzaiyushengchanshenme,erzaiyuzenyangshengchan,yongshenmelaodongziliaoshengchan。zhejiuyiweizhe,butongjingjishidaidequbie,buzaiyuchanyedebutong,erzaiyuchanyedejishujichubutong,congershichanyejuyoubutongdejishuxingzhi。zaigongyejingjixingtaixia,jixiexingdelaodongziliaoshishengchandegugexitonghejirouxitong,duijingjixingtaidexingzhijuyoujuedingxingyiyi。zaishuzijingjixingtaixia,zhinenghuadelaodongziliaoqudaijixiexingdelaodongziliao,duijingjixingtaidexingzhifahuijuedingxingzuoyong。yinci,“質優”,在(zai)工(gong)業(ye)經(jing)濟(ji)時(shi)代(dai)體(ti)現(xian)為(wei)工(gong)業(ye)化(hua),在(zai)數(shu)字(zi)經(jing)濟(ji)時(shi)代(dai)就(jiu)不(bu)僅(jin)體(ti)現(xian)為(wei)工(gong)業(ye)化(hua),還(hai)體(ti)現(xian)為(wei)數(shu)字(zi)化(hua)。新(xin)質(zhi)生(sheng)產(chan)力(li)的(de)本(ben)質(zhi)是(shi)先(xian)進(jin)生(sheng)產(chan)力(li),這(zhe)就(jiu)要(yao)求(qiu)現(xian)代(dai)化(hua)產(chan)業(ye)體(ti)係(xi)必(bi)須(xu)能(neng)夠(gou)創(chuang)造(zao)出(chu)先(xian)進(jin)生(sheng)產(chan)力(li)。馬(ma)克(ke)思(si)在(zai)談(tan)到(dao)工(gong)業(ye)革(ge)命(ming)時(shi)指(zhi)出(chu):“機(ji)器(qi)的(de)采(cai)用(yong),化(hua)學(xue)在(zai)工(gong)業(ye)和(he)農(nong)業(ye)中(zhong)的(de)應(ying)用(yong),輪(lun)船(chuan)的(de)行(xing)駛(shi),鐵(tie)路(lu)的(de)通(tong)行(xing),電(dian)報(bao)的(de)使(shi)用(yong),整(zheng)個(ge)整(zheng)個(ge)大(da)陸(lu)的(de)開(kai)墾(ken),河(he)川(chuan)的(de)通(tong)航(hang),仿(fang)佛(fo)用(yong)法(fa)術(shu)從(cong)地(di)下(xia)呼(hu)喚(huan)出(chu)來(lai)的(de)大(da)量(liang)人(ren)口(kou)——過去哪一個世紀料想到在社會勞動裏蘊藏有這樣的生產力呢?”這就使“資產階級在它的不到一百年的階級統治中所創造的生產力,比過去一切世代創造的全部生產力還要多,還要大”。在今天的數字經濟時代,數字技術、數shu字zi產chan業ye是shi新xin一yi輪lun國guo際ji競jing爭zheng的de重zhong點dian領ling域yu,必bi須xu搶qiang占zhan數shu字zi經jing濟ji發fa展zhan的de製zhi高gao點dian。產chan業ye體ti係xi的de先xian進jin性xing是shi一yi個ge曆li史shi範fan疇chou,在zai不bu同tong的de經jing濟ji時shi代dai具ju有you不bu同tong的de內nei涵han,但dan它ta的de共gong同tong點dian是shi,就jiu不bu同tong經jing濟ji時shi代dai而er言yan,它ta能neng夠gou創chuang造zao出chu比bi以yi往wang任ren何he時shi代dai都dou要yao高gao得de多duo的de勞lao動dong生sheng產chan率lv;就同一時代的不同國家而言,它能夠創造出比其他國家都要快的經濟增長。
安全性就是要打造自主可控、安全可靠、競(jing)爭(zheng)力(li)強(qiang)的(de)現(xian)代(dai)化(hua)產(chan)業(ye)體(ti)係(xi)。自(zi)主(zhu)可(ke)控(kong)主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)指(zhi)關(guan)鍵(jian)核(he)心(xin)技(ji)術(shu)特(te)別(bie)是(shi)數(shu)字(zi)技(ji)術(shu)必(bi)須(xu)牢(lao)牢(lao)掌(zhang)握(wo)在(zai)自(zi)己(ji)手(shou)裏(li),為(wei)建(jian)設(she)現(xian)代(dai)化(hua)產(chan)業(ye)體(ti)係(xi)提(ti)供(gong)可(ke)靠(kao)的(de)技(ji)術(shu)保(bao)障(zhang)。核(he)心(xin)技(ji)術(shu)受(shou)製(zhi)於(yu)人(ren)是(shi)我(wo)們(men)最(zui)大(da)的(de)隱(yin)患(huan)。習(xi)近(jin)平(ping)總(zong)書(shu)記(ji)指(zhi)出(chu),一(yi)個(ge)互(hu)聯(lian)網(wang)企(qi)業(ye)即(ji)便(bian)規(gui)模(mo)再(zai)大(da)、市值再高,如果核心元器件嚴重依賴外國,供應鏈的“命門”zhangwozaibierenshouli,najiuhaobizaibierendeqiangjishangqifangzi,zaidazaipiaoliangyekenengjingbuqifengyu,shenzhihuibukanyiji。anquankekaoshizhitongguoxiandaihuachanyetixijianshe,keyiyouxiaofangfanhuajiezhongdajingjifengxian,shixianliangshianquan、能源安全、金融安全、產業鏈供應鏈安全,為經濟高質量發展創造安全穩定的環境。競爭力強是指現代化產業體係必須在激烈的國際競爭中具有技術優勢、產業鏈供應鏈優勢和市場競爭綜合優勢,這就要求實現技術創新從跟跑到並跑再到領跑的躍升,打造世界一流領軍企業,培育專精特新“小巨人”企業,實現產業鏈供應鏈向高端攀升,加強對整個產業鏈供應鏈的控製力和影響力。
在建設現代化產業體係中,完整性、先(xian)進(jin)性(xing)和(he)安(an)全(quan)性(xing)相(xiang)輔(fu)相(xiang)成(cheng),缺(que)一(yi)不(bu)可(ke)。完(wan)整(zheng)性(xing)和(he)先(xian)進(jin)性(xing)是(shi)安(an)全(quan)性(xing)的(de)前(qian)提(ti)和(he)基(ji)礎(chu),安(an)全(quan)性(xing)則(ze)是(shi)完(wan)整(zheng)性(xing)和(he)先(xian)進(jin)性(xing)的(de)基(ji)本(ben)保(bao)障(zhang)。完(wan)整(zheng)性(xing)為(wei)先(xian)進(jin)性(xing)創(chuang)造(zao)了(le)廣(guang)闊(kuo)的(de)應(ying)用(yong)場(chang)景(jing)優(you)勢(shi),通(tong)過(guo)可(ke)觀(guan)的(de)利(li)潤(run)回(hui)報(bao)和(he)有(you)效(xiao)的(de)成(cheng)本(ben)分(fen)攤(tan)激(ji)勵(li)科(ke)技(ji)創(chuang)新(xin),先(xian)進(jin)性(xing)提(ti)升(sheng)了(le)完(wan)整(zheng)性(xing)的(de)效(xiao)率(lv)和(he)競(jing)爭(zheng)力(li),彰(zhang)顯(xian)了(le)完(wan)整(zheng)性(xing)的(de)綜(zong)合(he)優(you)勢(shi)。建(jian)設(she)以(yi)實(shi)體(ti)經(jing)濟(ji)為(wei)支(zhi)撐(cheng)的(de)現(xian)代(dai)化(hua)產(chan)業(ye)體(ti)係(xi),要(yao)將(jiang)完(wan)整(zheng)性(xing)、先進性、安全性統一起來,瞄準智能化、綠色化、融(rong)合(he)化(hua)方(fang)向(xiang)協(xie)同(tong)推(tui)進(jin),不(bu)斷(duan)完(wan)善(shan)產(chan)業(ye)體(ti)係(xi),著(zhe)力(li)構(gou)建(jian)一(yi)批(pi)新(xin)的(de)增(zeng)長(chang)引(yin)擎(qing),提(ti)升(sheng)產(chan)業(ye)鏈(lian)供(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)韌(ren)性(xing)和(he)安(an)全(quan)水(shui)平(ping),為(wei)在(zai)未(wei)來(lai)發(fa)展(zhan)和(he)國(guo)際(ji)競(jing)爭(zheng)中(zhong)贏(ying)得(de)戰(zhan)略(lve)主(zhu)動(dong)提(ti)供(gong)支(zhi)撐(cheng)。