中國自動化學會專家谘詢工作委員會指定宣傳媒體
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裝備製造業企業的升級與轉型

http://www.kadhoai.com.cn 2026-04-07 11:01:52 來源:北京仁達方略管理谘詢公司董事長王吉鵬

  同事轉過來一條消息:杭州一家生產鍋爐、電梯的企業集團躋身被譽為“工業之巔”的(de)大(da)飛(fei)機(ji)機(ji)體(ti)首(shou)批(pi)九(jiu)家(jia)配(pei)件(jian)供(gong)應(ying)商(shang)的(de)唯(wei)一(yi)民(min)企(qi),實(shi)現(xian)從(cong)原(yuan)來(lai)的(de)傳(chuan)統(tong)製(zhi)造(zao)業(ye)向(xiang)位(wei)於(yu)高(gao)端(duan)核(he)心(xin)的(de)航(hang)空(kong)製(zhi)造(zao)業(ye)擴(kuo)展(zhan)。通(tong)過(guo)去(qu)年(nian)為(wei)世(shi)界(jie)最(zui)大(da)通(tong)用(yong)航(hang)空(kong)飛(fei)機(ji)專(zhuan)業(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)廠(chang)做(zuo)配(pei)套(tao)加(jia)工(gong)這(zhe)一(yi)高(gao)起(qi)點(dian),他(ta)們(men)全(quan)麵(mian)引(yin)入(ru)航(hang)空(kong)產(chan)業(ye)的(de)質(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)理(li)體(ti)係(xi),這(zhe)家(jia)民(min)營(ying)企(qi)業(ye)的(de)目(mu)標(biao)是(shi):“做全球航空產業零部件供應商!”

  從他們的轉型與升級讓我聯想到國內的裝備製造業的現狀與問題,製造業種類繁多,從船舶、礦山、電氣、紡織、化工到軍工等等,但其中的裝備製造業----為生產提供生產技術裝備的工業,即“生產機器的機器製造業”,tadezhizaoshuipinggaodizhijiejuedinglezhizaoyedeshuiping。dangnianzhumingdeheqiantingluoxuanjiangshijian,jiushimeiguodeshengnaturanfaxianyuanlaizaoyinhongmingdesulianqiantingxiaoshile,yuanlaishiribendongzhixiangsulianchukoulexianjindewuzhouliandongshukongjichuangqiexuechulejubeihengaopaomiandeluoxuanjiang,daozhilesulianheqiantingzaoyinbidadajiangdidao100左右,幾乎和海洋自然音一個分貝。

  製(zhi)造(zao)業(ye)的(de)核(he)心(xin)是(shi)裝(zhuang)備(bei)製(zhi)造(zao)業(ye),用(yong)先(xian)進(jin)裝(zhuang)備(bei)改(gai)造(zao)傳(chuan)統(tong)產(chan)業(ye)是(shi)實(shi)現(xian)產(chan)業(ye)結(jie)構(gou)升(sheng)級(ji)的(de)根(gen)本(ben)手(shou)段(duan)。在(zai)國(guo)家(jia)的(de)十(shi)大(da)產(chan)業(ye)振(zhen)興(xing)規(gui)劃(hua)中(zhong),裝(zhuang)備(bei)製(zhi)造(zao)業(ye)是(shi)其(qi)他(ta)九(jiu)類(lei)產(chan)業(ye)振(zhen)興(xing)的(de)基(ji)礎(chu),也(ye)是(shi)促(cu)進(jin)工(gong)業(ye)兩(liang)化(hua)通(tong)道(dao),未(wei)來(lai)十(shi)二(er)五(wu)規(gui)劃(hua)中(zhong)的(de)產(chan)業(ye)結(jie)構(gou)調(tiao)整(zheng)與(yu)技(ji)術(shu)升(sheng)級(ji)中(zhong),裝(zhuang)備(bei)製(zhi)造(zao)業(ye)都(dou)是(shi)關(guan)鍵(jian)。

  中國仍處於工業化的中期階段。中國裝備製造業無論從管理機製、技術創新能力,還是從企業規模、競jing爭zheng實shi力li等deng方fang麵mian,都dou存cun在zai較jiao大da差cha距ju。一yi方fang麵mian技ji術shu水shui平ping普pu遍bian不bu高gao,高gao新xin技ji術shu裝zhuang備bei和he重zhong大da技ji術shu裝zhuang備bei在zai很hen大da程cheng度du上shang還hai要yao借jie助zhu引yin進jin外wai國guo的de技ji術shu。經jing濟ji型xing數shu控kong機ji床chuang占zhan到dao近jin70%,高中檔數控機床幾乎全部依賴進口,全社會固定資產投資中設備投資的2/3依賴進口;另一方麵利潤普遍偏低,一台22萬的國產數控機床,利潤隻有1wanyuan,haibubaokuogeiyewuyuandetichengbufen,tadeguanjianlingpeijiandoushiguowaichangjiatigong,henduochangjiabanyanzhetiguowaidagongdejiaose,yongzuzhuangchangjialaimiaoshuguoneidaduoshuchangjiakenenggengweiheshi。meiyouhexinziyoujishu,jinnengcongjishuhanliangzuididejichuangdizuoshangmouqiulirun,tamenchuzaizhengtiaojiazhiliandemoduan,qijingyukejianyiban。

  目前全球的數控機床(CNC)市場基本分成幾個陣營,瑞士、德(de)國(guo)的(de)排(pai)在(zai)第(di)一(yi)梯(ti)隊(dui),日(ri)本(ben)的(de)排(pai)在(zai)第(di)二(er)梯(ti)隊(dui),美(mei)國(guo)的(de)排(pai)在(zai)第(di)三(san)梯(ti)隊(dui),台(tai)灣(wan)的(de)排(pai)在(zai)第(di)四(si)梯(ti)隊(dui),而(er)我(wo)們(men)國(guo)家(jia)與(yu)台(tai)灣(wan)的(de)技(ji)術(shu)水(shui)平(ping)相(xiang)差(cha)三(san)十(shi)年(nian)左(zuo)右(you)。

  企業生存的關鍵是找到自己生存的藍海,跳離原來的紅海。對於大型數控機床企業,在研發、工藝、采購、儲運、品管、生產、銷售、分銷各個環節分析,與外國品牌、甚shen至zhi台tai灣wan品pin牌pai的de差cha距ju是shi明ming顯xian的de,國guo內nei成cheng型xing的de大da型xing機ji床chuang企qi業ye集ji團tuan在zai關guan鍵jian零ling部bu件jian的de生sheng產chan與yu研yan發fa水shui平ping相xiang對dui落luo後hou。不bu僅jin僅jin是shi人ren員yuan水shui平ping,在zai研yan發fa思si路lu,先xian進jin的de光guang/機/電(dian)整(zheng)體(ti)設(she)計(ji)方(fang)法(fa)上(shang)差(cha)距(ju)也(ye)非(fei)常(chang)明(ming)顯(xian),但(dan)是(shi)他(ta)們(men)具(ju)備(bei)多(duo)年(nian)傳(chuan)統(tong)機(ji)床(chuang)生(sheng)產(chan)基(ji)礎(chu),同(tong)時(shi)在(zai)某(mou)一(yi)製(zhi)造(zao)環(huan)節(jie)具(ju)備(bei)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)技(ji)術(shu)積(ji)累(lei),尤(you)其(qi)是(shi)機(ji)械(xie)部(bu)分(fen)的(de)鑄(zhu)件(jian)/鍛件技術的技術沉澱,融資渠道廣泛,具備一定傳統市場份額與資金積累的企業可以先期組建大企業集團,通過收購、控股的方式吸收和消化國外相對先進技術,從大而全、大而散,逐步過渡到大而強,大而精的格局。

  在專業化發展方麵,在細分市場中做透做深,精耕細作是一般中小型企業的生存之道,是這類企業的藍海,對於中小型機床/工具/側量儀器企業,可以參照日本的安川/法拉克/三菱,德國的海德漢/西(xi)門(men)子(zi),他(ta)們(men)都(dou)有(you)自(zi)己(ji)的(de)專(zhuan)業(ye)配(pei)件(jian)生(sheng)產(chan)單(dan)元(yuan),並(bing)且(qie)一(yi)開(kai)始(shi)並(bing)不(bu)都(dou)是(shi)在(zai)機(ji)床(chuang)各(ge)個(ge)領(ling)域(yu)做(zuo)大(da)的(de),而(er)是(shi)在(zai)專(zhuan)業(ye)領(ling)域(yu)形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)自(zi)己(ji)的(de)知(zhi)名(ming)品(pin)牌(pai),比(bi)如(ru)說(shuo)安(an)川(chuan)的(de)電(dian)機(ji)和(he)驅(qu)動(dong),三(san)菱(ling)/西門子/falakedekongzhixitong,haidehandequanbihuanguangzhadingweixitong。daduoshuqingkuangxia,tamenshiyunyongzibenshichangdeliliang,zaiqiyexuyaozuodadeshihouzaijinxingtouru。zaisifudianji、控製係統等核心技術,關鍵零部件的加工工藝上都存在很大的專業發展空間可供我們的專業廠家去精耕細作。

  yijingxingchengguimobingzhanjuyidingshichangfenedezhuanyechangjia,zaizhanlvexuanzeyudingweishangxugengjinshenyanmihefanfuquanheng,jiyaokaolvmuqiandexingyefazhanqushi,guojiadechanyezhengcedaoxiang,zhenggechanyelianxiayoudexuqiu,youxuyaojiehezishendeqingkuangjiayiqushe,panduan,tongshihenguanjiandeyidianshicankaotongxingyeqianrendezuji。yigeqiye,jiranzaishichangshangzhanjuleyidingdefene,erqiechuyulingxiandiwei,natayidingyouzijideguorenzhichu,zhishaoshimouyihuanjiedejingzhengligaoyutongxingyedepingjunshuiping,huoxuzheyihuanjieshifenxiaoqudao,huoxushirengongchengben,huoxushizhiliangbaozhengyufuwutixidewanshan,huoxushishichangpinpaideweihu,huoxushizibendeshili,gengyoukenengshijishuyanfadenengli,buguanzenyang,congtamenshenshangjiqujingyan,keyishaozouhenduowanlu,tazhebierendejiaoyinzhishaomeiyouxianjingyuanjiao。

  我們曾經服務過一家機床企業,他們起家之本原是關鍵零配件----數控係統/guangzhadingweishebei,danshizaidangshijichuangzhengjilirundadequshixiatamenxuanzemianduiyonghudeshizhengji,daohoulaijiliedezhengjishichangjingzhengjibenluodaoweiguowaichangjiadagongzhededibu,zhenduizhegeqiye,womenfaxiantadehexinjingzhenglibushizhengji,shishukongxitong,shizhenggeshukongjichuangdedanao。zheshitamenzaiguoneizuilingxiandebufen,tongshizuoweijingzhengduishoudeguowaishukongxitong,tamendexiaoshouzhengcexiangduijianghua,fuwubudaowei,shengjimafan,jiageqigao,youyujinrumenkanjiaogao,daduoshuguoneichangjiameiyouqitaxuanzecaibeipojieshoutamen。erzhezhengshizhejiaqiyedezhanlvexuanzheyuqierudian,keyiliyongzijizaishukongxitonglingyujileidejishuyoushizhongdiantupo。lingpeijianshichangguochanhuashishiyingguojiaduiyuzhuangbeizhizaoyezhengtidezhengceguihuafangxiang,tongshiyeshisuzaozishenhexinjingzhenglideguocheng,zhanlvedezhidingxuyaojiehezishendeshiji。womengeichudezhejiaqiyedejibendingweishi:麵向台灣,大陸,印度、中西亞用戶的一個技術先進同時價格低廉的新的控製係統供應商。

  找到自己的定位以後就是如何參與競爭、在哪裏競爭、何he時shi競jing爭zheng的de問wen題ti了le,也ye就jiu是shi我wo們men常chang說shuo的de企qi業ye戰zhan略lve布bu局ju。對dui於yu這zhe家jia企qi業ye來lai說shuo,僅jin僅jin數shu控kong係xi統tong做zuo深shen做zuo精jing是shi遠yuan遠yuan不bu夠gou的de,關guan鍵jian是shi需xu要yao得de到dao他ta們men的de用yong戶hu的de支zhi持chi與yu認ren可ke。因yin為wei重zhong新xin定ding位wei後hou,企qi業ye的de用yong戶hu就jiu從cong整zheng機ji使shi用yong者zhe變bian為wei數shu控kong係xi統tong的de使shi用yong者zhe,他ta們men麵mian對dui的de不bu是shi直zhi接jie用yong戶hu了le,而er是shi整zheng機ji廠chang家jia。顯xian然ran,他ta們men的de數shu控kong係xi統tong能neng夠gou打da開kai市shi場chang,不bu僅jin需xu要yao其qi他ta的de配pei件jian廠chang商shang的de專zhuan業ye技ji術shu接jie口kou配pei合he,更geng需xu要yao其qi他ta具ju備bei自zi己ji品pin牌pai廠chang家jia的de配pei合he,隻zhi有you這zhe些xie廠chang家jia成cheng功gong了le,他ta們men最zui終zhong就jiu成cheng功gong了le。要yao讓rang整zheng機ji廠chang家jia接jie受shou他ta們men的de係xi統tong,就jiu必bi須xu在zai技ji術shu與yu服fu務wu上shang有you過guo人ren之zhi處chu。這zhe就jiu需xu要yao瞄miao準zhun先xian進jin技ji術shu,甚shen至zhi超chao過guo國guo外wai的de數shu控kong係xi統tong,國guo外wai數shu控kong係xi統tong可ke以yi遠yuan程cheng進jin行xing監jian控kong,他ta們men可ke以yi開kai發fa基ji於yu網wang絡luo/物wu聯lian網wang的de係xi統tong,使shi用yong診zhen斷duan工gong具ju,在zai具ju備bei感gan應ying條tiao件jian的de任ren何he地di點dian,上shang網wang遠yuan程cheng獲huo取qu機ji床chuang上shang傳chuan的de故gu障zhang係xi統tong參can數shu,進jin行xing在zai線xian監jian控kong或huo離li線xian分fen析xi,甚shen至zhi參can與yu物wu聯lian網wang在zai行xing業ye裏li標biao準zhun的de製zhi定ding,贏ying在zai新xin的de起qi跑pao線xian上shang,最zui終zhong成cheng為wei行xing業ye裏li麵mian的de有you力li競jing爭zheng者zhe。隻zhi有you在zai自zi己ji核he心xin部bu分fen做zuo強qiang以yi後hou,再zai進jin行xing做zuo大da,這zhe樣yang,我wo們men才cai能neng從cong國guo外wai廠chang家jia的de打da工gong者zhe,轉zhuan型xing為wei價jia值zhi鏈lian上shang高gao端duan環huan節jie的de領ling跑pao者zhe,當dang然ran這zhe需xu要yao一yi個ge過guo程cheng 。

  總之,戰略的選擇對於一個企業舉足輕重,選對了,將來盡管路途坎坷,但會終見彩虹;xuancuole,buguanjianglairuhenuli,zuizhonghuirangqiyegengjiajiannan。shangmianjuchudenajiaqiyejinjinshiguoneizhuangbeizhizaoyedeyigesuoying。jianglaizhiyoutongguochanyeshengjiyuyewuzhuanxing,cainengzhenzhengbaituochanyeliandiduandagongzhedejiaosedingwei,cainengzhenzhengzaijingzhengzhongzhanjufujiazhizuigaodegaodi,congdaerquandaoxiaoerjingdezhanlvexinbujuyeshizhongguodezhuangbeizhizaoyedexinlanhai。

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