http://www.kadhoai.com.cn 2026-04-08 14:02:19 來源:《華爾街日報》
由(you)於(yu)取(qu)之(zhi)不(bu)盡(jin)用(yong)之(zhi)不(bu)竭(jie),可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)正(zheng)在(zai)得(de)到(dao)越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)多(duo)國(guo)家(jia)的(de)重(zhong)視(shi)。對(dui)於(yu)中(zhong)美(mei)這(zhe)種(zhong)飽(bao)受(shou)環(huan)境(jing)汙(wu)染(ran)困(kun)擾(rao)的(de)大(da)國(guo)來(lai)說(shuo)便(bian)是(shi)如(ru)此(ci),英(ying)國(guo)更(geng)是(shi)把(ba)可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)視(shi)作(zuo)未(wei)來(lai)能(neng)源(yuan)藍(lan)圖(tu)中(zhong)的(de)“頂梁柱”。

根據2010年《全球可再生能源發展狀況報告》公布的數據,2008年可再生能使用量占能源消費總量的19%,其中13%來自生物質能,另有3.2%來自水力發電。有人認為,各國政府逐漸放棄傳統、高碳排能源,如煤炭、石油、天tian然ran氣qi等deng,轉zhuan而er使shi用yong可ke再zai生sheng能neng源yuan將jiang成cheng為wei未wei來lai的de大da趨qu勢shi。盡jin管guan從cong環huan境jing保bao護hu的de角jiao度du來lai看kan,更geng多duo使shi用yong可ke再zai生sheng能neng源yuan自zi然ran是shi好hao處chu多duo多duo,但dan高gao昂ang的de成cheng本ben也ye成cheng了le可ke再zai生sheng能neng源yuan發fa展zhan的de最zui大da阻zu礙ai,甚shen至zhi威wei脅xie到dao能neng源yuan安an全quan。畢bi竟jing像xiang風feng能neng、taiyangnengzheyangdekezaishengnengyuanzongshiyaoshoudaohuanjingxianzhi,bushisuishisuidixiangyongjiunengyongde。ruhetigaoshiyongxiaolvchenglekezaishengnengyuanfazhansuobixujiejuedezuizhongyaowenti。dangran,youyugeguodezirantiaojiangebuxiangtong,suoqinglaidekezaishengnengyuanyegebuxiangtong。rujin,geleikezaishengnengyuandouzaipinmingzhengqugengduofazhanjihui。zaizhechangmeiyouxiaoyandezhandouzhong,shuicainengxiaodaozuihoune?
風能
作為可再生能源中的老大哥,人類利用風能的曆史可謂十分悠久。早在4000多年前的古巴比倫,就已經開始利用風力來灌溉農田。然而,真正將風能作為替代化石燃料的一種能源來使用卻經過了數千年的演變。
根據全球風能理事會的統計,2009年全球風電保持了31%的增長速度,新增裝機容量達到37.5吉瓦,總裝機容量達到157.9吉(ji)瓦(wa)。風(feng)電(dian)產(chan)業(ye)的(de)快(kuai)速(su)增(zeng)長(chang)不(bu)僅(jin)有(you)利(li)於(yu)應(ying)對(dui)氣(qi)候(hou)變(bian)化(hua),在(zai)創(chuang)造(zao)就(jiu)業(ye)方(fang)麵(mian)也(ye)有(you)突(tu)出(chu)貢(gong)獻(xian)。風(feng)電(dian)因(yin)此(ci)在(zai)很(hen)多(duo)地(di)區(qu)和(he)國(guo)家(jia)都(dou)極(ji)受(shou)青(qing)睞(lai)。歐(ou)盟(meng)委(wei)員(yuan)會(hui)曾(zeng)宣(xuan)布(bu),到(dao)2020年要讓風電占到電力供應總量的20%以上。
yuqitakezaishengnengyuanxiangbi,fengdiandeyoushishifenmingxian。shouxian,yidanfengliwolunjianzhuangwancheng,qiyunxingchengbenhendi。lingwai,fengliwolunjideweihuyeyaogengweijiandanbianjie。dangran,shiyongmianfeidedongxizongshiyaofuchudiandaijiade。fenglifadiandejianxiexingshiqikekaochengduyousuojiangdi,chucunjishuyeshangweichengshu。fengdianfanduizhezongshishitujiangrenmendezhuyilixiyindaojianzaofenglifadianzhanduidangdihuanjingzaochengdepohuaishang,jinguanzheyangdeshuocibingbushitebieyouli。bulunruhe,fengdianfazhandeshitousihubingweishoudaotaidayingxiang,rengzaichixu“高歌猛進”。風電也成為了最被人們看到看好的可再生能源。
太陽能
liyongtaiyangnengweijiatingheshangyegongdiantongyangbeishiweitidaihuashiranliaofadiandeyigehaofangfa。yangguangdechongzuxingyibubizailunshu,taiyangyixiaoshifangshechudenengliangjihudengyuquanqiuyiniandenengyuanxiaohaoliang。danrenleiyinggairuheliyongzhezhongyuanyuanbuduandenengyuanne?muqiankanlai,guangfufadianshitaiyangnengfadianzuiweipubiandeyingyong。
然ran而er,太tai陽yang能neng發fa電dian也ye有you可ke再zai生sheng能neng源yuan發fa電dian的de通tong病bing,那na就jiu是shi成cheng本ben過guo高gao。除chu此ci之zhi外wai,在zai生sheng產chan相xiang關guan產chan品pin過guo程cheng中zhong造zao成cheng的de環huan境jing汙wu染ran也ye被bei人ren詬gou病bing。不bu過guo,支zhi持chi者zhe則ze認ren為wei,從cong長chang遠yuan角jiao度du來lai看kan,投tou資zi太tai陽yang能neng發fa電dian絕jue對dui是shi物wu有you所suo值zhi。
lingyigetaiyangnengfadianxuyaojiejuedewentijiushi,ruhetigaozaiduoyunhuoyintianqingkuangxiadefadianxiaolv。danyihandishi,jibianshizaitaiyangnengfadianjishulingxianquanqiudedeguo,kexuemenyerengweiwanquangongkezhegenanti。
jiuxiangwozhiqiansuoshuo,kezaishengnengyuandefazhanqingkuangyinguoeryi。bingbushisuoyoudeguojiadourezhongyufazhantaiyangnengfadian。yingguozhengfuzuijinjiubiaoshiguo,yaojianshaoduidaxingtaiyangnengxiangmudebutie,zhuanergulifazhanxiaoxingtaiyangnengxiangmu。zhongsuozhouzhi,taiyangnengxiangmuzongshixuyaozhengfudaliangdebutie,zheyechengweiqitakezaishengnengyuanbuxihuantadeyuanyin,yinweitazongshihuizhanyongzhengfuxuduokezaishengnengyuanbutie。
好消息是,太陽能設備的價格在這兩年出現了明顯下降,有些降幅甚至超過了50%。如果未來價格真的能不再拖太陽能產業發展的後腿,或許其能夠迎來蓬勃的發展。
水力發電
水電也許是爭議最大,但同樣也是最有潛力的可再生能源了。2009年全球水電裝機容量達1230吉瓦,但反對水電發展的聲音也從未停止。反對者痛批水電對當地生態係統造成了嚴重破壞,會給當地居民和動植物帶來極大影響。
suiranbuxiangtaiyangnengfadiannabanchengbenanggui,shuidianfazhanquexuyaofuchujidaderenlichengben。jianzaoshuidianzhankenenghuidaozhidangdijuminbanqian。zheyeshimuqianshuidianfazhanzhongzuishouguanzhudewenti。
河(he)流(liu)治(zhi)理(li)也(ye)是(shi)水(shui)電(dian)發(fa)電(dian)麵(mian)臨(lin)的(de)一(yi)大(da)難(nan)題(ti)。為(wei)了(le)應(ying)對(dui)漲(zhang)潮(chao),通(tong)常(chang)需(xu)要(yao)在(zai)河(he)口(kou)地(di)帶(dai)建(jian)造(zao)大(da)壩(ba)。但(dan)這(zhe)樣(yang)做(zuo)除(chu)了(le)會(hui)提(ti)高(gao)建(jian)造(zao)成(cheng)本(ben),也(ye)容(rong)易(yi)給(gei)下(xia)流(liu)地(di)區(qu)帶(dai)來(lai)水(shui)土(tu)流(liu)失(shi)等(deng)問(wen)題(ti)。
jinguanzhengyijida,danduiyunaxiejiyubaituohuashiranliaoyilaiqieshuiliziyuanfengfudeguojialaishuo,meiyoubifazhanshuidiangenghaodexuanzele。shuidianfazhansuiranzhengyibuduan,danjiaobuquecongweitingzhi,xiangxinweilairenghuiruci。
生物質能
生物質能的價值在近幾年得到了更多開發。一份來自國際環境發展協會的報告預測,生物質能到2050年將占全球能源消費量的30%。suiranzhezhongyucebingweidedaosuoyourenderentong,danyekeyikanchushengwuzhinenglianghaodefazhantaishi。shengwuzhinengchuliangjiweifengfu,huoqutujingyexiangduijiandan。muqianrenleiduiyushengwuzhinengdeliyonghaishifenbuchongfen,yincishengwuzhinengkeweiqiantuwuliang。
生物質能的來源多種多樣,從森林、農作物、到dao禽qin獸shou糞fen便bian甚shen至zhi生sheng活huo垃la圾ji均jun能neng為wei人ren類lei提ti供gong豐feng富fu的de生sheng物wu質zhi能neng。不bu過guo這zhe種zhong來lai自zi看kan似si來lai自zi大da自zi然ran的de能neng源yuan在zai使shi用yong時shi同tong樣yang存cun在zai環huan境jing問wen題ti。另ling外wai,一yi些xie食shi物wu作zuo為wei生sheng物wu燃ran料liao也ye備bei受shou爭zheng議yi。
好在隨著技術日益成熟,生物質能的利用效率也得到了不少提升。作為儲量僅次於煤炭、石油和天然氣的世界第四大能源,生物質能的潛力不可小覷。
地熱能
提ti到dao地di熱re,很hen多duo人ren都dou會hui想xiang到dao著zhu名ming的de美mei國guo黃huang石shi國guo家jia公gong園yuan。作zuo為wei可ke再zai生sheng能neng源yuan家jia族zu的de一yi份fen子zi,地di熱re能neng得de到dao的de關guan注zhu似si乎hu遠yuan不bu及ji其qi他ta能neng源yuan。不bu過guo這zhe種zhong過guo去qu一yi直zhi被bei人ren們men冷leng落luo的de能neng源yuan有you望wang迎ying來lai一yi場chang爆bao發fa式shi發fa展zhan。根gen據ju不bu久jiu前qian公gong布bu的de一yi份fen研yan究jiu報bao告gao,地di熱re能neng到dao2020年將會迎來134%的高增長。高油價、更為嚴格的碳排放法案都將促使更多人將注意力集中到地熱能上來。
作(zuo)為(wei)一(yi)種(zhong)來(lai)自(zi)地(di)球(qiu)內(nei)部(bu)的(de)能(neng)源(yuan),地(di)熱(re)能(neng)的(de)開(kai)發(fa)曆(li)史(shi)並(bing)不(bu)長(chang),因(yin)此(ci)其(qi)技(ji)術(shu)還(hai)不(bu)夠(gou)成(cheng)熟(shu)。盡(jin)管(guan)需(xu)要(yao)較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)建(jian)造(zao)成(cheng)本(ben),但(dan)一(yi)旦(dan)相(xiang)關(guan)設(she)備(bei)安(an)裝(zhuang)完(wan)成(cheng),地(di)熱(re)發(fa)電(dian)幾(ji)乎(hu)不(bu)需(xu)要(yao)運(yun)行(xing)成(cheng)本(ben)。不(bu)過(guo)成(cheng)本(ben)並(bing)不(bu)是(shi)地(di)熱(re)能(neng)麵(mian)臨(lin)的(de)最(zui)大(da)問(wen)題(ti)。高(gao)風(feng)險(xian)或(huo)許(xu)才(cai)是(shi)地(di)熱(re)能(neng)一(yi)直(zhi)未(wei)能(neng)得(de)到(dao)更(geng)多(duo)投(tou)資(zi)商(shang)青(qing)睞(lai)的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)原(yuan)因(yin)。另(ling)外(wai),由(you)於(yu)地(di)熱(re)能(neng)集(ji)中(zhong)分(fen)布(bu)在(zai)構(gou)造(zao)板(ban)塊(kuai)邊(bian)緣(yuan),也(ye)就(jiu)是(shi)火(huo)山(shan)和(he)地(di)震(zhen)多(duo)發(fa)帶(dai),其(qi)安(an)全(quan)問(wen)題(ti)也(ye)頗(po)為(wei)令(ling)人(ren)擔(dan)憂(you)。
jinguancongmuqiankanlai,zhexiekezaishengnengyuanhaicunzaizheyangnayangdewenti。dankeyikendingdeshi,zaiqihoubianhuawentiriyiyanjundejintian,renleibaituohuashiranliaoyilaiyijingchengweibirandequshi,kezaishengnengyuandefazhanshibibukezudang。danjiujingshuinengtuoyingerchu,jiuyaokannazhongkezaishengnengyuannenggougengkuaijiejuezishenwenti,genghaoyinghefazhanxuqiule。fengneng、太陽能、水力發電、生物質能、地熱能,誰能主宰下一個電力時代,相信每個人心中都有自己的答案。至於正確與否,也隻有等待時間的檢驗了。