2016年(nian)中(zhong)國(guo)經(jing)濟(ji)轉(zhuan)型(xing)和(he)改(gai)革(ge)的(de)重(zhong)點(dian)之(zhi)一(yi)，在(zai)於(yu)化(hua)解(jie)目(mu)前(qian)在(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)經(jing)濟(ji)各(ge)行(xing)業(ye)普(pu)遍(bian)存(cun)在(zai)的(de)產(chan)能(neng)過(guo)剩(sheng)問(wen)題(ti)。根(gen)據(ju)中(zhong)國(guo)國(guo)家(jia)統(tong)計(ji)局(ju)不(bu)完(wan)全(quan)的(de)官(guan)方(fang)統(tong)計(ji)，鋼(gang)鐵(tie)

、水泥、電解鋁、平板玻璃、造船等行業的產能利用率，分別隻有72%、73.7%
、71.9%、73.1%和75%。也就是說

，這些行業的產能過剩率至少有30%，中zhong國guo產chan能neng過guo剩sheng問wen題ti的de嚴yan重zhong性xing遠yuan高gao於yu其qi他ta各ge主zhu要yao經jing濟ji體ti。如ru果guo考kao慮lv到dao在zai產chan能neng如ru此ci之zhi高gao的de情qing勢shi下xia，仍reng然ran有you許xu多duo的de投tou資zi和he在zai建jian項xiang目mu正zheng在zai進jin行xing中zhong，那na麼me等deng到dao未wei來lai幾ji年nian這zhe些xie項xiang目mu完wan成cheng的de時shi候hou
，中zhong國guo的de產chan能neng過guo剩sheng問wen題ti將jiang變bian得de更geng加jia嚴yan重zhong。

以鋼鐵行業為例，中國2012年全國鋼鐵需求大約是3.2億噸，而目前中國的鋼鐵產能大約是4.7億噸，而且目前還有幾個大規模的鋼鐵廠正在建設之中。與此類似
，中國全國的電解鋁需求每年大約是720萬噸，而目前的產能是1100萬噸——也就是產能過剩超過50%
，而這隻是中國經濟產能過剩問題的冰山一角。中國的產能過剩之嚴重，發展速度之迅速
，吸引了全國和全球的高度關注。

除了上述的傳統行業之外，在很多曾經一度非常有希望的新興產業
，也開始出現大量的產能過剩問題。汽車行業、光伏行業和風電行業，這些一度被國家發改委當作能夠推動中國經濟發展的下一個戰略性發展行業，目前都麵臨著產能過剩率超過50%的尷尬局麵。

yaoxianghuajiezhongguojingjimuqianmianlindeyanzhongchannengguoshengwenti，kenengxuyaoshouxianlijiexingchengchannengguoshengdeyuanyin
，bingezhizhuchannengguoshengjinyibuehuadequshi。shihoukanlainanyilijiedechannengguoshengwenti，qishizaiwentibaofazhiqian，fanyinglezhongguojingjigecengcizhong，cunzaiyoufeichanglixing、完全可以理解的考慮。

首shou先xian，中zhong國guo的de中zhong央yang政zheng府fu和he地di方fang政zheng府fu規gui劃hua對dui於yu中zhong國guo嚴yan重zhong的de產chan能neng過guo剩sheng負fu有you直zhi接jie責ze任ren。伴ban隨sui著zhe每mei一yi個ge五wu年nian計ji劃hua的de頒ban布bu，都dou會hui有you一yi批pi重zhong要yao支zhi柱zhu性xing產chan業ye的de規gui劃hua出chu台tai。2009年4wanyicijizhengcequedingzhihou，shidachanyezhenxingjihuatuichu
，biaomingzhongyangzhengfumingqueguliheyindaodifangzhengfuzaimoujigetedingdelingyu，jinxingdaliangtouzi。zhengfudegulizhengceheyuzhixiangpeitaodekuansongzijinlaiyuan
，shidemouxiexinxinglingyuhuozhezengjingbeihushidelingyu，zaifeichangduandeshijianli
，jizhongyongruledaliangdetouzihexiangmu。weiletuidongdifangjingjikuaisuzengchang，difangzhengfushibuhuicuoguozhongyangzhengfutichudegezhongzhongyaozhanlvexingxingyedefazhanjihui。guojiafagaiweisuotichudeyixiliechanyeguihuazhengce
，yeshidifangzhengfumouxiexindetouzixiangmuliangengjiarongyitongguo
，bingqiekeyibijiaorongyidihuodeyinxingdaikuanhecaizhengzijinzhichi。

danchannengguoshengwentixingchengdezhuyaoyuanyinzaiyu，jihusuoyoudedifangzhengfuzaitongyishijianlixiangfadoushiyizhide，eryouquefaxiangyingdexietiaoheyueshu。weilezhuazhuzhezhuanshunjishidefengkuangtouzijihui
，gedizhengfuzaihenduandeshijianneijizhongduiyouxiandejigelingyujinxingfengkuangdetouzi。zhezhongzuofa，henkuaijiuhuidaozhizhejigechanyedechannengguoshengwentichaoguobaifenzhibai。

zhezhongxianxiang
，jiuxiangchuantongboyilunjingdiandeqiutukunjing。youyuquefaxinxidegoutonghexiangyingdexietiaojizhi
，yuanlaifeichangyouqianlidezhanlvexinxingchanye，zaijizhongtouzideyoudaoxia，henkuaibianchenglezainanxingdechannengguoshengxingye。2009年nian四si萬wan億yi刺ci激ji政zheng策ce之zhi後hou，國guo有you銀yin行xing為wei了le能neng夠gou響xiang應ying中zhong央yang政zheng府fu對dui於yu推tui動dong經jing濟ji發fa展zhan的de號hao召zhao，所suo進jin行xing的de大da規gui模mo的de激ji進jin的de放fang貸dai活huo動dong，也ye直zhi接jie導dao致zhi了le這zhe些xie產chan業ye在zai資zi金jin上shang得de到dao了le傾qing斜xie性xing支zhi持chi，得de以yi高gao歌ge猛meng進jin地di發fa展zhan，最zui終zhong也ye導dao致zhi了le這zhe些xie產chan業ye嚴yan重zhong的de產chan能neng過guo剩sheng。

值得指出的是
，中國嚴重產能過剩形成的背後

，除了政府的規劃和引導之外，企業也對事後的嚴重產能過剩問題負有不可推卸的責任。

首先，由於在過去20年裏
，所有的企業管理者都預期中國的經濟會不斷地擴張，因此，幾乎所有企業都會理性地、buduanjijindikuozhangzijidechanneng。jishizaijingjizengchangxiahuadeshihou，zhongguozhengfuyiciyouyicidixiangquanguohequanshijiezhengmingzijiweichizhongguojingjigaosuzengchangdejuexinhenengli。zaizheyidahuanjingxia，qiyedouhuijinkenengdichoucuoziben，jinxinggengdaguimodetouzi，yiqizaijinhoudejingjizengchangzhonghuoyi。youyutongguojiedaihetouzijinxingzengchangbitongguotishengqiyedeyanfanengliheguanlishuipingdezengchangfangshigengjiarongyi
，yincihenduozhongguoqiyezhujianxingchengletongguokuozhangchanneng，jinxingjiliedejiagezhanyihuoqujingzhengyoushidejingzhengzhanlvehesilu。

其次， 由you於yu過guo去qu過guo去qu十shi多duo年nian間jian中zhong國guo貨huo幣bi供gong應ying量liang的de高gao速su增zeng長chang，企qi業ye家jia逐zhu漸jian形xing成cheng了le資zi產chan價jia格ge勢shi必bi上shang漲zhang的de強qiang烈lie預yu期qi。在zai此ci理li性xing預yu期qi之zhi下xia，企qi業ye經jing營ying者zhe合he乎hu邏luo輯ji的de做zuo法fa就jiu是shi盡jin可ke能neng多duo地di借jie入ru大da量liang債zhai務wu和he擴kuo張zhang自zi己ji的de資zi產chan和he產chan能neng

，以yi期qi待dai在zai下xia一yi輪lun資zi產chan泡pao沫mo過guo程cheng中zhong獲huo利li。很hen多duo開kai始shi時shi被bei認ren為wei是shi非fei常chang激ji進jin的de投tou資zi舉ju措cuo，隨sui著zhe資zi產chan泡pao沫mo的de快kuai速su擴kuo張zhang，事shi後hou都dou被bei認ren為wei是shi非fei常chang明ming智zhi的de
，甚shen至zhi是shi非fei常chang神shen聖sheng的de。這zhe種zhong成cheng功gong地di押ya寶bao經jing濟ji擴kuo張zhang和he資zi產chan價jia格ge升sheng值zhi的de經jing曆li，導dao致zhi很hen多duo企qi業ye家jia越yue來lai越yue有you信xin心xin進jin行xing盡jin可ke能neng多duo、盡可能快地固定資產投資和產能的擴張。

再zai者zhe
，中zhong國guo中zhong央yang和he地di方fang政zheng府fu對dui某mou些xie行xing業ye所suo提ti供gong的de鼓gu勵li政zheng策ce和he擔dan保bao
，更geng是shi進jin一yi步bu支zhi持chi了le這zhe種zhong激ji進jin冒mao險xian的de投tou資zi行xing為wei。反fan觀guan過guo去qu幾ji年nian國guo企qi規gui模mo增zeng長chang之zhi所suo以yi如ru此ci之zhi快kuai，背bei後hou的de一yi個ge重zhong要yao的de原yuan因yin是shi國guo有you企qi業ye的de整zheng合he。在zai國guo資zi委wei關guan於yu國guo企qi要yao做zuo大da做zuo強qiang的de號hao召zhao下xia，國guo有you企qi業ye為wei了le收shou購gou兼jian並bing其qi他ta企qi業ye，不bu被bei其qi他ta企qi業ye兼jian並bing，在zai短duan時shi間jian內nei對dui企qi業ye規gui模mo進jin行xing了le大da幅fu擴kuo張zhang。

國有企業自身激進的規模擴張給很多民營企業帶來更大的競爭壓力， tongshiyeyoushiminyingqiyetongshijijidikuozhangguimo。chucizhiwai，minyingqiyeyezhujianyishidao，suizheguimokuoda，qiyejiugengyoukenenghuodezhengfudegezhongzhichihejiuzhu。gaotiaodegonggongxingxiangheduidangdicaizhengdegongxianyijiweidangdilaodonglitigongjiuyejihui，chengweiminyingqiyezaidifangzhengfumianqiantaojiahaijiazuiyoulideziben。suizheqiyeguimodekuoda，jiqiyezaizibenshichanghequanguozhimingdudetisheng，mouxieqiyehuizhujianchengweiyigediqudemingpian。yidanzhexieqiyefashengrenhewenti
，dangdizhengfuyoujiaoqiangdedongjilaituidonghejiuzhuzhexieqiye。2010nianwenzhoujinrongweijiqijiandaqiyededaoguanzhuhejiuzhu
，putongzhongxiaoqiyezishengzimiedeqingkuang
，zegengshijinyibuqianghualehenduominyingqiyejiakuodazishenguimodedongji。

最zui後hou值zhi得de指zhi出chu的de是shi，中zhong國guo的de金jin融rong機ji構gou對dui中zhong國guo的de產chan能neng過guo剩sheng問wen題ti負fu有you不bu可ke推tui卸xie的de責ze任ren。中zhong國guo金jin融rong體ti係xi最zui重zhong要yao的de組zu成cheng部bu分fen銀yin行xing的de放fang貸dai決jue定ding，往wang往wang可ke以yi決jue定ding一yi家jia企qi業ye的de發fa展zhan乃nai至zhi命ming運yun。由you於yu銀yin行xing貸dai款kuan流liu程cheng對dui於yu企qi業ye的de規gui模mo和he抵di押ya品pin的de價jia值zhi都dou有you比bi較jiao嚴yan格ge的de要yao求qiu，而er且qie偏pian向xiang大da型xing企qi業ye，因yin此ci一yi個ge企qi業ye獲huo得de銀yin行xing貸dai款kuan和he能neng夠gou接jie觸chu到dao金jin融rong市shi場chang的de能neng力li，很hen大da程cheng度du上shang取qu決jue於yu企qi業ye的de規gui模mo。為wei了le能neng夠gou獲huo得de銀yin行xing貸dai款kuan這zhe一yi中zhong國guo最zui廉lian價jia、體量最大的融資方式的支持
，也從客觀上解釋了為什麼中國的民營企業強大的擴大企業規模和產能的動機。

在了解了中國產能過剩問題形成背後政府和企業在個體層麵的理性思考之後， 防止和化解中國目前產能過剩問題的解決思路也就變得相應清晰了。

首先，政府應該在經濟發展中讓市場發揮更大的配置資源的作用，減少行政規劃和幹預
， 讓企業和企業家在盡可能少的外部擾動的環境下


，進行自發的、可持續的規劃和發展。

其qi次ci，企qi業ye家jia應ying該gai經jing濟ji發fa展zhan和he貨huo幣bi供gong應ying形xing成cheng準zhun確que和he中zhong性xing的de預yu期qi。過guo去qu一yi段duan時shi間jian中zhong國guo經jing濟ji高gao速su乃nai至zhi超chao高gao速su的de增zeng長chang，無wu疑yi導dao致zhi了le很hen多duo企qi業ye家jia對dui於yu未wei來lai形xing成cheng多duo多duo少shao少shao不bu切qie實shi際ji的de預yu期qi和he規gui劃hua。而er一yi旦dan市shi場chang需xu求qiu的de增zeng長chang達da不bu到dao企qi業ye實shi現xian過guo分fen樂le觀guan的de預yu期qi
，產chan能neng過guo剩sheng就jiu成cheng為wei一yi個ge不bu可ke避bi免mian的de結jie果guo。而er要yao改gai變bian市shi場chang的de預yu期qi,逐步退出政府提供的各種各樣的剛性兌付和救助，讓市場參與者對自己的決策和承擔的風險承擔所應承擔的責任就變得至關重要。

suizhexiayibuzhongguojinronggaigedetuidong，suizhelilvshichanghuaheminyingyinxingdenggaigedejinxing，zhongguoqiyetebieshiguoyouqiye



，yingdangzhubushiyingpingjiezijidechuangxinheguanlinengli，erbushizijideguimohebeihoudezhengfudanbao，qujiechujinrongshichangbinghuodeshichangderongzi。suizheqiyezhaiquanshichangheshangshigongsishougoujianbinghetuishizhidudebuduanchengshu，zhongguodeqiyeyehuiyuelaiyueduodiyishidao，qiyeguimodekuozhangbingbuzongshidailaihaodejieguo，youdeshihouhuidailaigenggaodechengbenshenzhishijudadefengxian。zhiyouqiyezhenzhengyishidaohechengdanqichannengkuozhangdequanbuzerenhechengben，zhongguochannengguoshengjixuehuadequshecainengzhenzhengdeyiezhi。

麵對中國目前已經發展得非常嚴重的產能過剩局麵

，諸如破產重組、兼並收購
、yewuzhuanxing，hehaiwaikuozhangdeshichangshouduan，queshiyinggaikeyiduimuqiandewentijinxingyidingdehuanjiehehuajie。raner，ruguobunengliqingzhongguochannengguoshengwentibeihoushichangcanyugefangdelixingsikaohecelvefanying，namezaidadaoduanqiquchanneng、去杠杆、去庫存目標過程中，讓市場在資源配置中發揮決定性作用的改革精神和方向，將難以得到充分的貫徹和有效的實施。

正本
，仍需清源！