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1. 前言
變頻器從上個世紀80niandaizaizhongguotuichuyihou，zaiguominjingjiherichangshenghuozhongfahuizheriyizhongyaozuoyong，yijingbeiguangfandeyingyongyuqiyedegongyeshengchanyijirenmenderichangshenghuozhong。bianpinqiguangfanyingyong,主zhu要yao得de益yi於yu其qi優you良liang的de節jie能neng特te性xing和he調tiao速su特te性xing。中zhong國guo產chan值zhi能neng耗hao是shi世shi界jie上shang最zui高gao的de國guo家jia之zhi一yi。要yao解jie決jue產chan品pin能neng耗hao問wen題ti，除chu其qi它ta相xiang關guan的de技ji術shu問wen題ti需xu要yao改gai進jin外wai，變bian頻pin調tiao速su已yi成cheng為wei節jie能neng及ji提ti高gao產chan品pin質zhi量liang的de有you效xiao措cuo施shi。油you田tian作zuo為wei一yi個ge特te殊shu行xing業ye，有you其qi獨du特te的de背bei景jing，在zai油you田tian中zhong以yi風feng機ji、泵類負載為主，因而決定了變頻器在油田中的應用，以節能為第一目標。油田中變頻器的應用主要集中在遊梁式抽油機控製、潛泵控製、注水井控製和油氣集輸控製等幾個場合。下麵從這個方麵對變頻器在油田中應用情況進行簡單的說明。
2. 變頻器在遊梁式抽油機控製中的應用
目前，在陝北、甘(gan)肅(su)和(he)寧(ning)夏(xia)等(deng)地(di)，油(you)田(tian)采(cai)用(yong)的(de)抽(chou)油(you)設(she)備(bei)中(zhong)，有(you)一(yi)部(bu)分(fen)為(wei)遊(you)梁(liang)式(shi)抽(chou)油(you)機(ji)，數(shu)量(liang)也(ye)比(bi)較(jiao)多(duo)。一(yi)方(fang)麵(mian)，遊(you)梁(liang)式(shi)抽(chou)油(you)機(ji)運(yun)動(dong)為(wei)反(fan)複(fu)地(di)上(shang)下(xia)提(ti)升(sheng)，一(yi)個(ge)衝(chong)程(cheng)提(ti)升(sheng)一(yi)次(ci)，其(qi)動(dong)力(li)來(lai)自(zi)於(yu)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)帶(dai)動(dong)的(de)兩(liang)個(ge)重(zhong)量(liang)相(xiang)當(dang)大(da)的(de)鋼(gang)質(zhi)滑(hua)塊(kuai)，當(dang)滑(hua)塊(kuai)提(ti)升(sheng)時(shi)，類(lei)似(si)於(yu)杠(gang)杆(gan)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)，將(jiang)采(cai)油(you)機(ji)杆(gan)送(song)入(ru)井(jing)中(zhong)，滑(hua)塊(kuai)下(xia)降(jiang)時(shi)，采(cai)油(you)杆(gan)提(ti)出(chu)帶(dai)油(you)至(zhi)井(jing)口(kou)，由(you)於(yu)電(dian)機(ji)轉(zhuan)速(su)一(yi)定(ding)，在(zai)滑(hua)塊(kuai)下(xia)降(jiang)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，負(fu)荷(he)減(jian)輕(qing)，電(dian)機(ji)拖(tuo)動(dong)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)能(neng)量(liang)無(wu)法(fa)被(bei)負(fu)載(zai)吸(xi)引(yin)，勢(shi)必(bi)會(hui)尋(xun)找(zhao)能(neng)量(liang)消(xiao)耗(hao)的(de)渠(qu)道(dao)，導(dao)致(zhi)電(dian)機(ji)進(jin)入(ru)再(zai)生(sheng)發(fa)電(dian)狀(zhuang)態(tai)，將(jiang)多(duo)餘(yu)的(de)能(neng)量(liang)反(fan)饋(kui)到(dao)電(dian)網(wang)，引(yin)起(qi)主(zhu)回(hui)路(lu)母(mu)線(xian)電(dian)壓(ya)的(de)升(sheng)高(gao)，這(zhe)樣(yang)會(hui)對(dui)整(zheng)個(ge)電(dian)網(wang)產(chan)生(sheng)衝(chong)擊(ji)，導(dao)致(zhi)電(dian)網(wang)供(gong)電(dian)質(zhi)量(liang)下(xia)降(jiang)，功(gong)率(lv)因(yin)數(shu)降(jiang)低(di)，為(wei)了(le)不(bu)被(bei)供(gong)電(dian)企(qi)業(ye)罰(fa)款(kuan)的(de)危(wei)險(xian);頻繁的高壓衝擊會損壞電機，對電動機沒有可靠的保護功能，一旦電機損害，造成生產效率降低、weihuliangjiada，jibuliyuchouyoushebeidejienengjianghao，geiqiyezaochengjiaodadejingjisunshi。lingyifangmian，youliangshichouyoujiyinrulianggedazhiliangdegangzhihuakuai，daozhichouyoujideqidongchongjidadengzhuduowenti。chuleshangshuliangfangmianwentizhiwai，youtiancaiyoudeteshudilihuanjingjuedinglecaiyoushebeiyouqiziyoudeyunxingtedian，zaiyoujingkaicaiqianqichuyouliangda，gongyezu，weitigaogongxiaokecaiyonggongpinyunxing，baozhengjiaogaodechanyouliang;在中、後(hou)期(qi)，由(you)於(yu)石(shi)油(you)儲(chu)量(liang)減(jian)少(shao)，易(yi)造(zao)成(cheng)供(gong)液(ye)不(bu)足(zu)，電(dian)機(ji)若(ruo)仍(reng)工(gong)頻(pin)運(yun)行(xing)，勢(shi)必(bi)浪(lang)費(fei)電(dian)能(neng)，造(zao)成(cheng)不(bu)必(bi)要(yao)的(de)損(sun)耗(hao)，這(zhe)時(shi)須(xu)考(kao)慮(lv)實(shi)際(ji)工(gong)作(zuo)情(qing)況(kuang)，適(shi)當(dang)降(jiang)低(di)電(dian)機(ji)轉(zhuan)速(su)，減(jian)少(shao)衝(chong)程(cheng)，有(you)效(xiao)提(ti)高(gao)充(chong)盈(ying)率(lv)。為(wei)了(le)解(jie)決(jue)上(shang)述(shu)問(wen)題(ti)，可(ke)將(jiang)變(bian)頻(pin)技(ji)術(shu)引(yin)入(ru)到(dao)遊(you)梁(liang)式(shi)抽(chou)油(you)機(ji)控(kong)製(zhi)中(zhong)去(qu)。根(gen)據(ju)電(dian)機(ji)理(li)論(lun)可(ke)知(zhi)，其(qi)轉(zhuan)速(su)公(gong)式(shi)為(wei):
其中:p為電動機的極對數，s為轉差率，f為供電電源頻率，nweidiandongjideshijizhuansu。congshikeyikanchu，dianjizhuansuyupinlvjinsichengzhengbi，gaibianpinlvjikeyipinghuaditiaojiedianjizhuansu，congerkeyilianxudigaibiantiyoujidechouyousudu。genjudiandongjigongzuodianliudedaxiaoquedingdiandongjidegongzuopinlv，zheyangkeyigenjujingkuangdebianhua，fangbiandetiaojiechouyoujidechongcheng，dadaojienenghetigaodianwanggonglvyinshudemude。tongshibianpintiaosuqijuyoudisuruanqidong，zhuansukeyipinghuadidafanweitiaojie，duidiandongjibaohugongnengqiquan，ruduanlu、過載、過壓、欠壓及失速等，可有效地保護電機及機械設備，保證設備在安全的電壓下工作，具有運行平穩、可靠，提高功率因數等諸多優點，是采油設備改造的理想方案。
目前，對此抽油機的變頻器改造主要有以下幾個方麵:
(1) 以yi提ti高gao電dian網wang質zhi量liang，減jian小xiao對dui電dian網wang影ying響xiang為wei目mu標biao的de變bian頻pin改gai造zao。這zhe主zhu要yao集ji中zhong在zai供gong電dian企qi業ye對dui電dian網wang質zhi量liang要yao求qiu較jiao高gao的de場chang合he，為wei了le避bi免mian電dian網wang質zhi量liang的de下xia降jiang，需xu引yin入ru變bian頻pin控kong製zhi，其qi主zhu要yao目mu的de就jiu是shi減jian小xiao抽chou油you機ji工gong作zuo過guo程cheng對dui電dian網wang的de影ying響xiang。這zhe種zhong應ying用yong在zai勝sheng利li油you田tian的de臨lin盤pan采cai油you廠chang已yi經jing提ti上shang應ying用yong日ri程cheng。
(2) 以(yi)節(jie)能(neng)為(wei)第(di)一(yi)目(mu)標(biao)的(de)變(bian)頻(pin)改(gai)造(zao)。這(zhe)一(yi)點(dian)比(bi)較(jiao)普(pu)遍(bian)，一(yi)方(fang)麵(mian)，油(you)田(tian)的(de)抽(chou)油(you)機(ji)為(wei)了(le)克(ke)服(fu)大(da)的(de)起(qi)動(dong)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)，采(cai)用(yong)的(de)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)遠(yuan)遠(yuan)大(da)於(yu)實(shi)際(ji)所(suo)需(xu)功(gong)率(lv)，工(gong)作(zuo)時(shi)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)的(de)利(li)用(yong)率(lv)一(yi)般(ban)在(zai)20%-30%之間，最高不會超過50%，diandongjichangchangchuyuqingzaizhuangtai，zaochenglediandongjiziyuandelangfei。lingyifangmian，chouyoujidegongzuoqingkuangshilianxubianhuade，zhexiedouqujueyudidixiadezhuangtai，ruoshizhongchuyugongpinyunxing，shibiyehuizaochengdiannengdelangfei。weilejieneng，tigaodiandongjidegongzuoxiaolv，xujinxingbianpingaizao。
(3) 以提高電網質量和節能為目的的變頻改造。這種情況綜合了上麵兩種改造的優點，是應用中的一個重要發展方向。
zaishijideyingyongguochengzhongquechuxianlexuduowenti，zhexiewentizhuyaojizhongzaiyouliangshichouyoujidefadianzhuangtaichanshengdenengliangdechulishang。duiyudiyizhongqingkuang，caiyongputongbianpinqijianenghaozhidongdanyuankebijiaofangbiandeshixian，zheshiyiduohaodiannengweidaijiade。
這主要是因為發電能量不能回饋電網造成的。在未采用變頻器時，電動機處於電動狀態時，電動機從電網吸收電能(電表正轉);電動機處於發電狀態時，電動機釋放能量(電表反轉)，diannengzhijiehuikuidianwangde，bingmeiyouzaibendishebeishanghaofeidiao。zonghebiaoxianweichouyoujidegongdianxitongdegonglvyinshujiaodi，duidianwangzhiliangyingxiangjiaoda。danshizaishiyongputongbianpinqishi，qingkuangfashenglebianhua。putongbianpinqideshurushierjiguanzhengliu，nengliangbukefanfangxiangliudong。shangshuzhebufendiannengmeiyouliuhuidianwangdetonglu，bixuyongdianzulaijiudixiaohao，zhejiushibixushiyongnenghaozhidongdanyuandeyuanyin。duiyudierzhongqingkuanghedisanzhongqingkuang，bixutuoshandechulidiandongjifadianzhuangtaichanshengdedianneng，bixujiangqifankuidaodianwang，fouzetongguotiaojiechouyoujidechongchengjieshengdediannengkenengbunengdixiaobianpinqizhidongdanyuanxiaohaodedianneng，zaochengbianpinyunxingshifanerhaoneng，yujienengdemubiaobeidaoerchi。zaikongzhifangfayinruzishiyingkongzhiyishiyingyouliangshichouyoujiduobiandegongzuohuanjing。
目前我公司已在陝北、甘肅和寧夏等地油田上成功的將變頻器應用在此設備上，得到很好的使用效果。
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